[ANSWERS] NR507 Week 4: Midterm

NR 507 Week 4 Midterm  58/60 = 96.7%

  1. The coronary ostia are located in the: (Points : 2)

Left ventricle Aortic valve Coronary sinus Aorta

  1. Where in the respiratory tract do the majority of foreign objects aspirated by children finally lodge? (Points : 2)

Trachea Left lung Bronchus Bronchioles

  1. Which type of antibody is involved in type I hypersensitivity reaction? (Points : 2)

IgA IgE IgG IgM

  1. Hypersensitivity is best defined as a(an): (Points : 2) Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self­antigens Immunologic reaction of one person to the tissue of another person Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease Undetectable immune response in the presence of antigens
  2. What is the final stage of the infectious process? (Points : 2)

Colonization Invasion Multiplication

Spread   1. Colonization 2. Invasion 3. Multiply 4. spread

  1. The function of the foramen ovale in a fetus allows what to occur? (Points : 2)

Right­to­left blood shunting

Left­to­right blood shunting

Blood flow from the umbilical cord

Blood flow to the lung

  1. It has been determined that a tumor is in stage 2. What is the meaning of this finding? (Points :2)

Cancer is confined to the organ of origin. Cancer has spread to regional structures. Cancer is locally invasive.

Cancer has spread to distant sites

  1. What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? (Points : 2)

Consolidation Pulmonary edema Atelectasis Bronchiolar plugging

  1. Which statement is true concerning the IgM? (Points : 2)

IgM is the first antibody produced during the initial response to an antigen. IgM mediates many common allergic responses.

IgM is the most abundant class of immunoglobulins. IgM is capable of crossing the human placenta.

  1. Apoptosis is a(an): (Points : 2)

Normal mechanism for cells to self­destruct when growth is excessive Antigrowth signal activated by the tumor­suppressor gene Rb Mutation of cell growth stimulated by the TP53 gene

Transformation of cells from dysplasia to anaplasia

  1. Which statement concerning benign tumors is true? (Points : 2)

The resulting pain is severe.

Benign tumors are not encapsulated. Benign tumors are fast growing.

The cells are well­differentiated.

  1. Which complex (wave) represents the sum of all ventricular muscle cell depolarizations? (Points: 2)

PRS QRS

QT interval

  1. Which organism is a common sexually transmitted bacterial infection? (Points : 2)

Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium perfringens Helicobacter pylori Treponema pallidum

  1. Which organ is stimulated during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)? (Points : 2)

 

Adrenal cortex Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Limbic system

 

  1. What is the role of caretaker genes? (Points : 2) Maintenance of genomic integrity Proliferation of cancer cells

Secretion of growth factors

 

Restoration of normal tissue structure

 

  1. Where are antibodies produced? (Points : 2)

 

Helper T lymphocytes

Thymus gland Plasma cells Bone marrow

  1. The lung is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system via which nerve? (Points : 2)

 

Vagus Phrenic Brachial Pectoral

 

  1. What physical sign is the result of turbulent blood flow through a vessel? (Points : 2)

 

Increased blood pressure during periods of stress

 

Bounding pulse felt on palpation Cyanosis observed on excretion Murmur heard on auscultation

 

  1. What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? (Points : 2)

 

Immature immune system

 

Small alveoli Surfactant deficiency Anemia

 

  1. What is the fundamental physiologic manifestation of anemia? (Points : 2)

 

Hypotension Hyperesthesia Hypoxia Ischemia

 

  1. Which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized? (Points : 2)

 

Dysplasia Hyperplasia Myoplasia Anaplasia

 

  1. Which of the following is classified as a megaloblastic anemia? (Points : 2)

 

Iron deficiency Pernicious Sideroblastic Hemolytic

 

 

  1. How is most carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood transported? (Points : 2)

 

Attached to oxygen

 

In the form of bicarbonate

 

Combined with albumin

 

Dissolved in the plasma

 

 

 

  1. Question 24.24. Which immunoglobulin (Ig) is present in childhood asthma? (Points : 2)

 

IgM

 

IgG

 

IgE

 

IgA

 

 

  1. An individual is more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes when

 

he or she has a seriously low level of which immunoglobulin antibody? (Points : 2)

 

IgG

 

IgM

 

IgA

 

IgE

 

 

 

  1. 26. Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis may contribute to which life-threatening complication? (Points : 2)

 

Retropharyngeal abscess

 

Laryngospasms

 

Rupturing of the tonsils

 

Gagging induced aspiration

 

 

 

  1. 27. Which laboratory test is considered adequate for an accurate and reliable diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man? (Points : 2)

 

Ligase chain reaction (LCR)

 

Gram-stain technique

 

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

 

DNA testing

 

 

 

  1. Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response? (Points : 2)

 

The immune response is similar each time it is activated.

 

The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it.

 

The response to a specific pathogen is short term.

 

The response is innate, rather than acquired.

 

 

 

  1. When an individual aspirates food particles, where would the nurse expect to hear decreased or absent breath sounds? (Points : 2)

 

Left lung

 

Right lung

 

Trachea

 

Carina

 

 

 

  1. What is the primary site for uncomplicated local gonococci infections in men? (Points : 2)

Epididymis

 

Lymph nodes

 

Urethra

 

Prostate

 

 

 

  1. Deficiencies in which element can produce depression of both B- and T-cell function? (Points : 2)

 

Iron

 

Zinc

 

Iodine

 

Magnesium

 

 

 

  1. An infant has a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and systolic thrill that can be detected at the left lower sternal border that radiates to the neck. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? (Points : 2)

 

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

 

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

 

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

 

Atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect

 

 

 

  1. Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells? (Points : 2)

 

Lying on their left side

 

Performing the Valsalva maneuver

 

Squatting

 

Hyperventilating

 

 

 

  1. In a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a: (Points : 2)

 

Basal cell

 

Target cell

 

Caretaker gene

 

Proto-oncogene

 

 

 

  1. Infants are most susceptible to significant losses in total body water because of an infant’s: (Points : 2)

 

High body surface–to–body size ratio

 

Slow metabolic rate

 

Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses

 

Inability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty

 

 

 

  1. A person with type O blood is considered to be the universal blood donor because type O blood contains which of the following? (Points : 2)

 

No antigens

 

No antibodies

 

Both A and B antigens

 

Both A and B antibodies

 

 

 

  1. Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen? (Points : 2)

 

Passive-acquired immunity

 

Active-acquired immunity

 

Passive-innate immunity

 

Active-innate immunity

 

 

 

  1. Erythrocyte life span of less than 120 days, ineffective bone marrow response to erythropoietin, and altered iron metabolism describe the pathophysiologic characteristics of which type of anemia? (Points : 2)

 

Aplastic

 

Sideroblastic

 

Anemia of chronic disease

 

Iron deficiency

 

 

 

  1. How is most of the oxygen in the blood transported? (Points : 2)

 

Dissolved in plasma

 

Bound to hemoglobin

 

In the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) Bound to protein

 

 

  1. What is the action of urodilatin? (Points : 2)

 

Urodilatin causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles.

 

It causes vasodilation of the efferent arterioles.

 

Urodilatin inhibits antidiuretic hormone secretion.

 

It inhibits salt and water reabsorption.

 

 

 

 

  1. What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

of the newborn? (Points : 2)

 

Low birth weight

 

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy

 

Premature birth

 

Smoking during pregnancy

 

 

 

  1. What is the most common cause of insufficient erythropoiesis in children? (Points : 2)

 

Folic acid deficiency

 

Iron deficiency

 

Hemoglobin abnormality

 

Erythrocyte abnormality

 

 

 

  1. What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis

(CF)? (Points : 2)

 

Deficit of interleukin (IL)–1 and an excess of IL-4, IL-12, and interferon-alpha (IFN-

 

 

 

CSF)

Deficit of IL-6 and an excess of IL-2, IL-8, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-

 

 

Deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-

 

 

Deficit of IL-3 and an excess of IL-14, IL-24, and colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

 

 

 

  1. Which manifestations of vasoocclusive crisis are associated with sickle cell disease (SCD) in infants? (Points : 2)

 

Atelectasis and pneumonia

 

Edema of the hands and feet

 

Stasis ulcers of the hands, ankles, and feet

 

Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly

 

 

 

  1. What process allows the kidney to respond to an increase in workload? (Points

: 2)

 

Glomerular filtration

 

Secretion of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

 

Increased heart rate

 

Compensatory hypertrophy

 

 

  1. What is the direct action of atrial natriuretic hormone? (Points : 2)

 

Sodium retention

 

Sodium excretion

 

Water retention

 

Water excretion

 

 

 

  1. Which cells have phagocytic properties similar to monocytes and contract like smooth muscles cells, thereby influencing the glomerular filtration rate? (Points : 2)

 

Principle cells

 

Podocin cells

 

Mesangial cells

 

Intercalated cells

 

 

 

  1. Research supports the premise that exercise has a probable impact on reducing the risk of which cancer? (Points : 2)

 

Liver

 

Endometrial

 

Stomach

 

Colon

 

 

 

  1. What effect do natriuretic peptides have during heart failure when the heart dilates? (Points : 2)

 

Stimulates antidiuretic hormones.

 

Inhibits antidiuretic hormones.

 

Stimulates renin and aldosterone.

 

Inhibits renin and aldosterone.

 

 

 

  1. Which T-lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood asthma? (Points : 2)

 

Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 T-helper Th1  lymphocytes

 

CD4 T-helper Th2  lymphocytes

 

CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes

 

Memory T lymphocytes

 

 

 

  1. In which primary immune deficiency is there a partial-to-complete absence of

T-cell immunity? (Points : 2)

 

Bruton disease

 

DiGeorge syndrome

 

Reticular dysgenesis

 

Adenosine deaminase deficiency

 

  1. What is the ratio of coronary capillaries to cardiac muscle cells? (Points : 2)

 

1:1 (one capillary per one muscle cell)

 

1:2 (one  capillary per two muscle cells)

 

1:4 (one  capillary per four muscle cells)

 

1:10 (one  capillary per ten muscle cells)

 

 

 

  1. The most common site of metastasis for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is which location? (Points : 2)

 

Bones

 

Brain

 

Bladder

 

Kidney

 

 

 

  1. Which cardiac chamber has the thinnest wall and why? (Points : 2)

 

The right and left atria; they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood.

 

The right and left atria; they are not directly involved in the preload, contractility, or afterload of the heart.

The left ventricle; the mean pressure of blood coming into this ventricle is from the

lung, which has a low pressure.

The right ventricle; it pumps blood into the pulmonary capillaries, which have a lower

pressure compared with the systemic circulation.

 

 

 

  1. The only surface inside the nephron where cells are covered with microvilli to increase the resorptive surface area is called the: (Points : 2)

 

Proximal convoluted tubules

 

Distal tubules

 

Ascending loop of Henle

 

Descending loop of Henle

 

 

 

  1. How high does the plasma glucose have to be before the threshold for glucose is achieved? (Points : 2)

126 mg/dl

 

150 mg/dl

 

180 mg/dl

 

200 mg/dl

 

 

 

  1. Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone

(CRH)? (Points : 2)

 

IL–1 and IL-6

 

IL-2 and TNF-

 

IFN and IL-12

 

TNF-ß and IL-4

 

 

 

  1. Which hormone is synthesized and secreted by the kidneys? (Points : 2)

 

Antidiuretic hormone

 

Aldosterone

 

Erythropoietin

 

Angiotensinogen

 

 

 

  1. What effects do exercise and body position have on renal blood flow? (Points : 2)

Exercise and body position activate renal parasympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction.

 

They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction.

 

Both activate renal parasympathetic neurons and cause mild vasodilation.

 

They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasodilation.

 

 

 

  1. The glomerular filtration rate is directly related to which factor? (Points :2)

Perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries

Diffusion rate in the renal cortex

Diffusion rate in the renal medulla

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