Question 1
1 / 1 pts
Studies of maltreated children suggest that excessive stress-hormone levels in early childhood:
return to normal levels once the source of the stressor is gone.
Correct!
permanently damage brain pathways.
reduce emotional reactivity in adulthood.
activate important cognitive networks throughout the brain.
Question 2
1 / 1 pts
Four-year-old Colin thinks a tall 20-year-old man is older than a short 40-year-old man. Which Piagetian error characterizes Colin’s thinking?
egocentrism
static thinking
Correct!
a focus on appearance
symbolic thinking
Question 3
1 / 1 pts
The Reggio Emilia early-childhood program focuses on:
reinforcement for academic accomplishments.
assimilation and accommodation skills.
Correct!
children’s creativity and artistic talent.
self-esteem and self-concept.
Question 4
1 / 1 pts
Dexter, age 4, speaks differently to his baby sister than to his teacher. This indicates that he understands some of the practical uses of language. Dexter is developing an understanding of:
Correct!
pragmatics.
code-switching.
social gestures.
grammar.
Question 5
1 / 1 pts
Between the ages of 2 and 6, a well-nourished child will gain about _____ pounds and grow about _____ inches per year.
5; 6
2; 3
4.5; 3
5.5; 4.5
Question 6
1 / 1 pts
One of the milestones of preoperational thought is the ability to:
use symbolic thought.
understand reversibility.
display conservation.
think logically.
Question 7
1 / 1 pts
Piaget believed that until about age 6, it is difficult for children to think:
subjectively.
egocentrically.
logically.
about animism.
Question 8
1 / 1 pts
Leroy is in a teacher-directed preschool. Which activity would his parents NOT expect him to be doing?
listening to a story read aloud during circle time
forming the letter M in a tray filled with shaving cream
gluing pieces of macaroni on a paper plate to form a number
working on a long-term individual project about birds
Question 9
1 / 1 pts
According to your text, some researchers believe that autism spectrum disorder may be due to:
rigid myelination.
abnormal development of the corpus callosum.
lesions in the prefrontal cortex.
incomplete axon cords.
Question 10
1 / 1 pts
Janet is reading a storybook aloud to her 2-year-old daughter, Abigail. Abigail’s father says, “Why are you bothering? It’s not like she’s going to learn to read from that.” What would you tell Abigail’s father about reading to preschoolers?
He’s right; it doesn’t matter whether parents read to their preschoolers.
He’s right; children whose parents read aloud to them too early lose interest in books.
He’s wrong; children whose parents read to them as preschoolers tend to be better readers in elementary school.
He’s wrong; children whose parents read to them by age 2 are skilled readers by age 4.
Question 11
1 / 1 pts
Vince is able to play “Go Fish,” a card game that requires quick thinking. What brain change MOST directly supports his ability to think quickly?
hypothalamic functioning
myelination
frontal cortex maturation
development of new axons
Question 12
1 / 1 pts
Dave has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Dave flattens the Silly Putty into a thin “pancake.” When Dave asks Mason if there is now more Silly Putty, Mason replies “Yes” because he has:
an understanding of scaffolding.
not mastered the concept of conservation.
an understanding of object permanence.
demonstrated fast-mapping.
Question 13
1 / 1 pts
MOST developmentalists advocate _____ preschool programs.
private
public
child-centered
teacher-directed
Question 14
1 / 1 pts
Juanita suffered a stroke affecting the left hemisphere of her brain. Which skill is MOST likely to have been affected?
speech
face recognition
emotion processing
location in space
Question 15
1 / 1 pts
“You are your mom’s daughter, right?” Grandpa asked Beatriz.
“Yes!” Beatriz eagerly answered.
“Well, your mom is my daughter,” Grandpa replied.
“No! She’s my Mommy!” Beatriz exclaimed.
Beatriz is demonstrating which Piagetian error?
conservation
object permanence
over regularization
centration
Question 16
1 / 1 pts
According to Vygotsky, a teacher who carefully plans each child’s participation in the learning process within the zone of proximal development uses:
reinforcements for good behavior.
scaffolding.
peer mentoring.
skill construction.
Question 17
1 / 1 pts
Humans seek reasons, causes, and underlying principles to explain the world around them. In research, this idea is called:
deductive reasoning.
conservation.
scaffolding.
theory-theory.
Question 18
1 / 1 pts
After seeing her new haircut for the first time, Tamara began crying inconsolably. She cried, “You turned me into a boy!” Tamara’s statement is an example of:
egocentrism.
static thinking.
a focus on appearance.
symbolic thinking.
Question 19
1 / 1 pts
Nine-year-old Brandon has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old woman who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a babysitter. According to Piaget, this is because Brandon’s thinking has moved beyond:
conservation.
object permanence.
over regularization.
centration.
Question 20
1 / 1 pts
According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child:
interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task.
is only provided with one set of directions for a task.
discovers the solution to a task independently.
learns new skills through observation.
Question 21
1 / 1 pts
According to theory-theory, children overimitate adults because they:
mindlessly copy everything adults do.
theorize that the irrelevant behavior must be important.
theorize that the adult will reward them for correct imitation.
derive pleasure from correctly imitating behaviors of all sorts.
Question 22
1 / 1 pts
Four-year-old Terrance is sitting at the lunch counter next to his sister Erin. They are having identical hot dogs for lunch. When his mom cuts Terrance’s hot dog into five pieces and Erin’s into six pieces, Terrance protests, “Erin has more than me!” Which ability does Terrance not yet demonstrate?
animism
centration
egocentrism
conservation
Question 23
1 / 1 pts
Romanian children raised in orphanages demonstrated _____ when shown pictures of emotional faces.
more reactivity in their limbic system.
less reactivity in their limbic system.
more variation in response.
less variation in response.
Question 24
1 / 1 pts
A magician’s goal is to get the audience to focus on one aspect of his show while he manipulates another. This is easy to do with preoperational children, as they are fooled by their tendency to:
think logically.
reverse things in their minds.
demonstrate centration.
equilibrate.
Question 25
1 / 1 pts
As Shawn and his father, Carlos, put together a puzzle for the first time, Carlos begins by showing Shawn how to locate the outside pieces of the puzzle first. Once Shawn starts to get the idea, Carlos gradually withdraws his support, allowing Shawn to take more responsibility. Carlos is demonstrating Vygotsky’s concept of:
sensorimotor support.
scaffolding.
optimal reinforcement.
overimitation.
Question 26
1 / 1 pts
When Jessie sees her kindergarten teacher in the grocery store, she is shocked to see her outside of school. Jessie’s surprise is an example of:
static reasoning.
abstract reasoning.
concrete thinking.
irreversibility.
Question 27
1 / 1 pts
Which statement about exposure to stress is TRUE?
Stress, in any form, is damaging to children’s cognitive and social development.
Even low to moderate forms of stress interfere with children’s day-to-day functioning.
High levels of stress activate hormones that are necessary in helping young children to cope.
Some stress, but not too much, aids cognition.
Question 28
1 / 1 pts
A 2-year-old human’s brain is _____ percent of the adult brain’s weight.
55
65
75
80
Question 29
1 / 1 pts
Which statement accurately explains the difference between the brains of Tom, a 2-year-old, and Jim, his father?
Tom’s brain is about 75% of the size of Jim’s.
Jim’s brain has more activity in the angular gyrus than Tom’s.
Tom’s brain is the same weight as Jim’s.
Jim’s brain is less lateralized than Tom’s.
Question 30
1 / 1 pts
Demetrius’s family recently immigrated to the United States from the Ukraine. After he attended kindergarten, his parents noticed that his English was more fluent than his native language. Demetrius was exhibiting:
a language shift.
accelerated bilingualism.
a vocabulary explosion.
linguistic egocentrism.
Question 31
1 / 1 pts
A child’s ability to add new vocabulary words very quickly is called:
fast-mapping.
word mapping.
mental language.
word charting.
Question 32
1 / 1 pts
When children assume that the world is unchanging, they engage in:
magical thinking.
static reasoning.
centration.
a focus on appearance.
Question 33
1 / 1 pts
Piaget referred to the early childhood (ages 2 to 6) stage of cognitive development as “_____ intelligence.”
operational
egocentric
preoperational
sensorimotor
Question 34
1 / 1 pts
To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all other aspects is called:
magical thinking.
static reasoning.
centration.
animism.
Question 35
1 / 1 pts
Piaget called the stage of cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 “preoperational intelligence” because children do not yet:
demonstrate intellectual behavior.
use logical operations.
understand language.
produce language.
Question 36
1 / 1 pts
The Piagetian term for a particular type of centration in which a child thinks about the world only from his or her personal perspective is called:
static reasoning.
egocentrism.
irreversibility.
conservatism.
Question 37
1 / 1 pts
Many day-care centers have successfully prevented obesity from increasing from ages 2 to 5 by:
eliminating juice and milk from meals and snacks.
requiring parents to participate in comprehensive nutrition classes.
increasing exercise and improving snacks.
eliminating certain customs where children tend to overeat, such as birthdays and holidays.
Question 38
1 / 1 pts
Avia, age 4, visited the city zoo, pointed to a zebra, and exclaimed, “Look at the horse with stripes!” In describing the zebra, Avia used:
logical extension.
fast-mapping.
overregularization.
theory of mind.
Question 39
1 / 1 pts
An estimated _____ to _____ percent of children are allergic to a specific food, almost always a common, healthy one.
2; 3
3; 8
10; 12
15; 20
Question 40
1 / 1 pts
Although all of the objects of a culture guide children, _____ believed that language is pivotal.
Vygotsky
Skinner
Ainsworth
Erikson
Question 41
0 / 1 pts
The goal of MOST teacher-directed preschools is:
promoting individual achievement.
encouraging informal social interaction.
shaping student behavior.
teaching children to read by the end of the year.
Question 42
1 / 1 pts
Lateralization is also called:
myelination.
white matter.
sidedness.
reverse specialization.
Question 43
1 / 1 pts
Knowledge of _____ is essential for learning how to speak, read, and write.
pragmatics
code-switching
social gestures
grammar
Question 44
1 / 1 pts
According to Vygotsky, a child’s first guided participation is provided by a mentor who is MOST likely a:
classmate.
pediatrician.
parent.
younger sibling.
Question 45
1 / 1 pts
Steven’s father takes him to the barber for his first real haircut. At first, Steven is excited, but as soon as the barber makes the first cut in his hair, he becomes very upset and tells his father to make the barber stop. In spite of his father’s efforts to assure Steven that his hair will grow back, Steven is exhibiting the Piagetian characteristic known as:
animism.
centration.
egocentrism.
irreversibility.
Question 46
1 / 1 pts
While working on a coloring worksheet, 5-year-old Alma can be heard whispering, “Color this one blue. Stay in the lines. Oh, yellow would be pretty.” According to Vygotsky, Alma’s utterances are:
egocentric.
indicative of emotional problems.
called private speech.
undermining her learning.
Question 47
1 / 1 pts
When shown a novel object and told that it is called a “wug,” preschoolers know that two of those objects would be two “wugs.” This ability to correctly add an –s when pluralizing is evidence of their proper use of:
inflections.
logical extensions.
grammar.
theory-theory.
Question 48
1 / 1 pts
Learning Circle Preschool emphasizes individual pride and achievement while focusing on teaching young children literacy-related tasks. Learning Circle’s approach seems to MOST closely resemble a(n) _____ program.
intervention
Montessori
Reggio Emilia
bilingual
Question 49
1 / 1 pts
Brianna understands that her father is crying because his best friend died. This shows that Brianna has developed:
egocentrism.
a script for crying.
theory of mind.
conservation.
Question 50
1 / 1 pts
In the United States, low-income children are offered a free preschool education through:
the War on Poverty.
the Public Broadcasting System.
the Women, Infants, and Children Program.
Head Start…………………………………………………………………………………$30
